Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, Spiritual Intelligence, Humility, and Prosocial Behaviors Influence Religious Tolerance

Abstract

This study explored the role of inherent aspects of human nature, such as openness to experience, agreeableness, spiritual intelligence, humility, and prosocial behavior, in influencing religious tolerance. A convenient sample of 220 male and 275 female (N = 495) adults completed scales that included the Big Five Inventory (BFI, John et al., 1991), Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory-24 (SISRI-24, King, 2008), Expressed Humility Scale (EHS, Owens, 2009), Prosocialness Scale for Adults (PSA, Caprara et al., 2005), and Religious Tolerance Questionnaire (RTQ, Broer et al., 2014). Results showed that openness to experience, agreeableness, spiritual intelligence, humility, and prosocialness effectively predicted religious tolerance. Higher values of these predictors were associated with greater religious tolerance among Pakistani adults. The results of the study are discussed in light of the growing literature on religious tolerance in Pakistan.